Information for Referring Physicians
KaP Physician Information
A referral from a physician is required before our intake and screening process for our Ketamine-assisted Psychotherapy program. Download our Physician Referral Form using the button below.
Please fax your referral including any additional medical information you deem relevant to (780) 757-7748.
Our reference list is also available as a downloadable PDF if you wish to explore more about Ketamine-assisted Psychotherapy in the literature.
Edgar Psychological is a private psychology practice in Edmonton composed of a strong team of mental health and medical professionals trained in Ketamine-assisted Psychotherapy (KaP). We offer group and individual KaP programming depending on a client’s specific needs and preferences as well as maintenance treatments for ongoing symptom management if required.
Below you will find our eligibility criteria and a reference list should you desire to explore more about Ketamine-assisted Psychotherapy in the literature.
Why Ketamine?
“Recent data suggests that ketamine, given intravenously, might be the most breakthrough antidepressant treatment in decades” - Thomas Insel, Director of National Institute of Mental Health
At sub-anesthetic doses, clinical research excitingly underscores ketamine's potential for various mental health conditions, such as treatment-resistant depression[1], major depressive disorder (MDD)[2], suicidal ideation[3], anxiety[4], and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)[5], with ongoing research exploring its efficacy for other conditions[6]. Coupled with psychotherapy, ketamine is promising in allowing individuals to quickly reconnect with positive memories, shift negative thinking patterns, enhance cognitive flexibility, cultivate deep insight, reconnect with social supports, and process and regulate difficult emotions[2]. Several studies demonstrate that upwards of 70% of patients with depression will have alleviation from symptoms after one treatment[7]. Some patients with acute and chronic suicidal ideation report a total reversal in their symptoms[8]. For PTSD, ketamine can help to break the repetitive mental loop associated with past trauma[7].
At Edgar Psychological, we follow current best practices of providing rapid repetitive dosing of 6 infusions over 3 weeks, which is supported by preparation and integration psychotherapy[9]. With the direction of a physician and psychologist in a therapeutic environment, ketamine shows its efficacy as a profound treatment for various psychiatric disorders[2].
Theory for Mechanism of Action
Ketamine is a novel dissociative compound originally designed as an anesthetic. At lower doses, it distinguishes itself in mental health treatment through its unique mechanism targeting NMDA receptors and the glutamate system[10] with rapid-acting effects which promotes mood regulation and growth of new neurological connections. On a fMRI scan, ketamine appears to decrease connectivity in the default mode network in medial prefrontal cortex, which supports a reduction in PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms by being able to make new associations to the self, memories, relationships, experiences, and perspectives, which induces the potential for positive change when supported by psychotherapeutic mechanisms[10].
Safety & Considerations
Treatment eligibility determination involves a robust medical and mental health screening and intake process with our highly skilled nurses and psychologists and a final assessment and consultation with our Medical Director and psychiatrist Dr. Robert Mallett.
Ketamine administration occurs in a safe, controlled setting designed to optimize the experience. Our KaP-trained psychologists and medical professionals ensure that ketamine sessions are safe, comfortable and meet safety requirements and psychedelic therapy regulations outlined by the Government of Alberta and the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta.
Ketamine-assisted Psychotherapy
Our 10-week group ketamine-assisted psychotherapy (KaP) program aligns with current best practices in ketamine therapy which combines the unique therapeutic capabilities of ketamine with an intimate group experience, promoting not only individual treatment-related goals but also increased connection to self and others, interpersonal learning, relational flexibility, increased nervous system co-regulation through shared experience, and the safety of addressing personal challenges in a warm and supporting environment[12]. Group therapy mechanisms[12] are combined with preparation and integration sessions that include evidence-informed and session-specific education and skills building for in-between session support[13]. Upon completion of the program, participants have the opportunity to join psychotherapeutic integration group and individual maintenance sessions options[17].
Treatment Indications
Ketamine is receiving global attention for its ability to improve symptoms of mental health distress with a growing body of empirical evidence to support this. Research demonstrates that when coupled with psychotherapy, ketamine’s benefits on mood and behaviour are further enhanced.
At this time, the strongest evidence, and primary indications for use of ketamine are for the following mental health conditions:
Treatment-Resistant Depression
Major Depressive Disorder
Suicidal ideation
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
There is ongoing clinical research that also supports the use of ketamine as a beneficial treatment for other mental health conditions such as:
Treatment-Resistant Depression
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Substance Use Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Eating Disorders
Chronic Pain
Treatment Contraindications
Ketamine is NOT safe for use in people with the following:
Hypersensitivity or allergy to ketamine
History of ketamine abuse
Presence of active psychotic symptoms
Diagnosis of dementia or delirium
Recent symptomatic acute brain injury within 90 days of serious injury
Diagnosis of uncontrolled cardiopulmonary or cardiovascular disease, or uncontrolled high bloodpressure (consistently >140/90)
Presence of implanted pacemakers or stents
Diagnosis of severe obstructive severe sleep apnea (OSA) or of central sleep apnea
Body mass index (BMI) ≥40
History of hemorrhagic stroke
Diagnosis of liver failure
Diagnosis of congestive heart failure
Diagnosis of kidney failure
Diagnosis of acute angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension
Pregnancy
Ketamine MAY NOT be safe for use in people with the following:
Age <18 or >65 years
Moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
History of cystitis (especially if ketamine-induced)
Diagnosis of active, untreated substance use disorder per DSMV criteria within past 3 months andinability to reduce usage
History of uncontrolled or poorly controlled seizures or seizures of complex morphology
History of uncontrolled thyroid disease
History of the following cardiac issues will require clearance from a Cardiologist via appropriate testing such as results of recent cardiac stress test, echocardiogram and/or electrocardiogram:
History of stroke (including TIA, particularly if involved loss of consciousness or was less than 90days ago) or brain aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
History of myocardial infarction (heart attack)
History of coronary artery disease
A thorough evaluation of your patient’s medical and medication histories will occur at the time of medical screening to determine your patient’s risk stratification regarding current medical concerns, concomitant medication use, and substance use history.
Next Steps
Thank you for your interest in our program. For more information on KaP and our programming, we invite you to reach out to us by calling 780-860-7338 or email us at: contact@edgarpsychological.com.
Additional References
[1] Muscat, S. A., Hartelius, G., Crouch, C. R., & Morin, K. W. (2021). An integrative approach to ketamine therapy may enhance multiple dimensions of efficacy: Improving therapeutic outcomes with treatment resistant depression. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.710338
[2] Kennedy, S. H., Lam, R. W, McIntyre, R. S., Tourjman, S. V., Bhat, V., Blier, P., Hasnain, M., Jollant, F., Levitt, A. J., MacQueen, G. M., McInerney, S. J., McIntosh, D., Milev, R. V., Müller, D. J., Parikh, S. V., Pearson, N. L., Ravindran, A. V., & Uher, R. (2016). CANMAT Depression Work Group. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments. Can J Psychiatry, 61(9):540-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716659417
[3] Witt, K., Potts, J., Hubers, A., Grunebaum, M. F., Murrough, J. W., Loo, C., Cipriani, A., & Hawton, K. (2020). Ketamine for suicidal ideation in adults with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment trials. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 54(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867419883341
[4] Taylor, J. H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Coughlin, C., Mulqueen, J., Johnson, J. A., Gabriel, D., O Reed, M., Jakubovski, E., & Bloch, M. H. (2018). Ketamine for social anxiety disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Neuropsychopharmacol., 43, 325–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.194
[5] Feder, A., Parides, M. K., Murrough, J. W., Perez, A. M., Morgan, J. E., Saxena, S., Kirkwood, K., Aan Het Rot, M., Lapidus, K. A., Wan, L., Iosifescu, D., & Charney D. S. (2014). Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 681–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.62
[6] Martinotti, G., Chiappini, S., Pettorruso, M., Mosca, A., Miuli, A., Di Carlo, F., D’Andrea, G., Collevecchio, R., Di Muzio, I., Sensi, S.L., & Di Giannantonio, M. (2021). Therapeutic potentials of ketamine and esketamine in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), substance use disorders (SUD) and eating disorders (ED): A review of the current literature. Brain Sci., 11, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070856
[7] MacKay, M. A., Baker, G. B., & Dursun, S. M. (2020). Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol, 10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125320916657
[8] Wilkinson, S. T., Ballard, E. D., Bloch, M. H., Mathew, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Feder, A., Sos, P., Wang, G., Zarate Jr., C. A., & Sanacora, G. (2018). The effect of a single dose of intravenous ketamine on suicidal ideation: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry, 175, 150–8. https//doi/org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040472
[9] Dames, S., Kryskow, P., & Watler, C. (2022). A cohort-based case report: The impact of ketamine-assisted therapy embedded in a community of practice framework for healthcare providers with PTSD and depression. Front. Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.803279
[10] Zacharias, N., Musso, F., Müller, F., Lammers, F., Saleh, A., London, M., de Boer, P., & Winterer, G. (2019). Ketamine effects on default mode network activity and vigilance: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover simultaneous fMRI/EEG study. Human Brain Mapping, 41(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24791
[11] Ahuja, S., Brendle, M., Smart, L., Moore, C., Thielking, P., & Robison, R. (2022). Real-world depression, anxiety and safety outcomes of intramuscular ketamine treatment: A retrospective descriptive cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 634. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04268-5 PMID: 36192794; PMCID: PMC9528178.
[12] Tsang, V. W. L., Ragazan, D. C., Pamela Kryskow, P., Walsh, Z., & Dames, S. (2023) A pilot study comparing a community of practice program with and without concurrent ketamine-assisted therapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. https//doi/org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2253798
[13] Bathje, G. J., Majeski, E., & Kudowor, M. (2022). Psychedelic integration: An analysis of the concept and its practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.824077
Additional Resources:
Yermus, R., Verbora, M, Kennedy, S, McMaster, R., Kratina, S., Wolfson, E., Medrano, B., Bryson, N., Zaer, N., Bottos, J.,Setlur, V., Lo, C. (2024) Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy provides lasting and effective results in the treatment of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder at 3 and 6 months: Findings from a large single-arm retrospective effectiveness trial. Psychedelic Medicine. 23 January 2024 ahead of print. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.11.23284248
Basso, L., Bonke, L., Aust, S., Gartner, M., Heuser-Collier, I., Otte, C., . . . Grimm, S. (2020). Antidepressant and neurocognitive effects of serial ketamine administration versus ECT in depressed patients. J Psychiatr Res, 123(1-8).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.002
Chilukuri, H., Reddy, N. P., Pathapati, R. M., Manu, A. N., Jollu, S., & Shaik, A. B. (2014). Acute antidepressant effects of intramuscular versus intravenous ketamine. Indian J Psychol Med, 36(1), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.127258
Dore, J., Turnipseed, B., Dwyer, S., Turnipseed, A., Andries, J., Ascani, G., . . . Wolfson, P. (2019). Ketamine assisted psychotherapy (KAP): Patient demographics, clinical data and outcomes in three large practices administering ketamine with psychotherapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(2), https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1587556
Drozdz, S. J., Goel, A., McGarr, M. W., Katz, J., Ritvo, P., Mattina, G. F., Bhat, V., Diep, C., & Ladha, K. S. (2022) Ketamine-assisted psychotherapy: A systematic narrative review of the literature. Journal of Pain Research, 15, 1691-1706.10.2147/JPR.S360733
Evans, J.W., Szczepanik, J., Brutsché, N.,Park, L.T., Nugent, A.C., & Zarate, C.A. (2022). Default mode connectivity in major depressive disorder measured up to 10 days after ketamine administration. Biol. Psychiatry 84, 582–590. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.027
Ezquerra-Romano, I., Lawn, W., Krupitsky, E., & Morgan, C.J.A. (2018). Ketamine for the treatment of addiction: Evidence and potential mechanisms. Neuropharmacology, 142, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.017
Hasler, G. (2020). Toward specific ways to combine ketamine and psychotherapy in treating depression. CNS Spectr, 25(3),445-447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852919001007
Ionescu, D. F., Felicione, J. M., Gosai, A., Cusin, C., Shin, P., Shapero, B. G., & Deckersbach, T. (2018). Ketamine-associated brain changes: A review of the neuroimaging literature. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(6), 320-339. https://doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000179
Jones, J. L., Mateus, C. F., Malcolm, R. J., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2018). Efficacy of Ketamine in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry, 9, 277. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00277
Khorramzadeh, E., & Lotfy, A. O. (1973). The use of ketamine in psychiatry. Psychosomatics, 14(6), 344- 346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(73)71306-2
Kohtala, S. (2021). Ketamine-50 years in use: from anesthesia to rapid antidepressant effects and neurobiological mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep, 73(2), 323-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-021-00232-4
Mathai, D. S., Mora, V., & Garcia-Romeu, A. (2022). Toward synergies of ketamine and psychotherapy. Front. Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.868103
McInnes, L. A., Qian, J. J., Gargeya, R. S., DeBattista, C., & Heifets, B. D. (2022). A retrospective analysis of ketamine intravenous therapy for depression in real-world care settings. J Affect Disord, 301, 486-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.097
Nogo, D., Nazal, H., Song, Y., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R., McIntyre, R. S., . . . Rosenblat, J. D. (2022). A review of potential neuropathological changes associated with ketamine. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 21(6), 813-831. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2022.2071867
Swainson J, McGirr A, Blier P, Brietzke E, Richard-Devantoy S, Ravindran N, Blier J, Beaulieu S, Frey BN, Kennedy SH, McIntyre RS, Milev RV, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Taylor VH, Tourjman V, van Ameringen M, Yatham LN, Ravindran AV, Lam RW. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Recommendations for the Use of Racemic Ketamine in Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Can J Psychiatry. 2021 Feb;66(2):113-125. doi: 10.1177/0706743720970860. PMID: 33174760; PMCID: PMC7918868.
Tsang, V. W. L., Tao, B., Dames, S., Walsh, Z., & Kryskow, P. (2023). Safety and tolerability of intramuscular and sublingual ketamine for psychiatric treatment in the Roots To Thrive ketamine-assisted therapy program: A retrospective chart review. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 13. :10.1177/20451253231171512
Walsh, Z., Mollaahmetoglu, O. M., Rootman, J., Golsof, S., Keeler, J., Marsh, B., . . . Morgan, C. J. A. (2021). Ketamine for the treatment of mental health and substance use disorders: comprehensive systematic review. BJPsych Open, 8(1), e19. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.1061
Zanos, P., & Gould, T. D. (2018). Mechanisms of ketamine action as an antidepressant. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(4), 801-811. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.255
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge that the use of psychedelics have been used for therapeutic and ceremonial purposes by Indigenous communities spanning thousands of years who continue to be stewards and knowledge keepers of this sacred work. We aim to respect these lineages by respectfully integrating principles of neuro-decoloniality, diverse cultural wisdom, and cultural humility into a modern therapeutic framework appropriate for our community, acknowledging this is an ongoing process.
We are grateful for the ketamine-assisted psychotherapy research and evidence-informed programming developed by Roots to Thrive, as well as the knowledge and experiences shared from their participants, both of which have inspired our program development.